Lesson Plan in English - 1429 Words

Lesson Plan in English I. Objectives: Through the song entitled â€Å"Perfect Two† by Auburn, the students will be able to recognize and identify the most common types of the figures of speech and its usage in forming a sentence. At the end of the lesson, the students’ should be able to: 1. Identify the different types of figures of speech. 2. Classify the different types of figures of speech. 3. Construct a sentence using different kinds of figures of speech. 4. Recall the 5 commonly used figures of speech through quiz. II. Subject Matter and Materials A. Topic: Figures of Speech (Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole amp; Irony) B. Year Level: 3rd Year High school C. Reference: Literature†¦show more content†¦A representative from your group will write your answers on the board. I will give you 5 minutes. V. Evaluation A. Quiz Write the letter of the correct figures of speech that is used in each of the following lines. ___1. Dissembling courtesy! How fine this tyrant can tickle where she wounds! – Shakespeare. a. Personification b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Hyperbole ___2. Rosy-fingered Dawn. – Homer a. Personification b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Hyperbole ___3. Night’s candle are burnt out and jocund day Stand tiptoe von the misty mountain tops.-Ramp;J a. Irony b. Hyperbole c. Simile d. Personification ___4. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flaw: he who would search for pearls must died below.-John Dryden a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Irony __5. Faith is the antiseptic of the soul. – Whitman a. Hyperbole b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Simile ___6. A sucker is born every minute. –Barnhum a. Personification b. Irony c. Simile d. Hyperbole ___7. How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have thankless child. –Shakespeare a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Irony ___8. The pot call the kettleShow MoreRelatedEnglish Lesson Plan1450 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Adjectives to Grade VI pupils (through poem) A DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH FOR GRADE VI PUPILS (FOR 4th GRADING PERIOD) By: ESMAELA DIANN B. MASCARDO I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, pupils will be able to: ïÆ'Ëœ Build vocabulary through pictures presented. ïÆ'Ëœ Practice proper way of reciting a poem. ïÆ'Ëœ Interpret meaning of a poem through pictures. ïÆ'Ëœ Identify adjectives used in the poem. ïÆ'Ëœ Use adjectives in describing their hometown. II. SUBJECT MATTER: Pointing out adjectivesRead MoreLesson Plan in English2923 Words   |  12 PagesA Lesson Plan in English I (First Year High School) Prepared by: Aileen Mae A. Alug I. 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Subject Matter Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives Reference/s: Teacher AngelynRead MoreLesson Plan in English 3744 Words   |  3 PagesLesson Plan in English 3 Understanding by Design (UbD) | | |Teachers: |Boiser, Felyn Mae | | |Canlom, Joal Marie | | |Martinez, Honey Faye | |Read MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan In English1614 Words   |  7 PagesA Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Reading) I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the pupils are expected to: a. State the sequence of the story b. Identify the different seasons describe c. Appreciate the story read II. Subject Matter Topic: The Tiny Seed Reference: Reading Network, pages 103- 108 Author: Delia Hamoy Soroy Materials: Charts, pictures III. Procedure A. Preparation Teacher’s Activities Pupils’ Activities 1. Energizer I have here a song entitled â€Å" Minicar â€Å". I’ll singRead MoreEnglish Language Development Lesson Plan1494 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the English Language Development lesson plan (ELD), learning or developing English is the main objective, and it asserts that content can only be learned when one has developed their English language by use of rich content through grade-appropriate text. In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a secondRead MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan in English 41400 Words   |  6 PagesDETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH IV I. Objectives 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph II. Subject Matter: 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word Verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph A. Materials: Visual Aids B. References: 1. BEC 2002 Handbook in English 2. Fun in English Reading 3. Fun in English language Read MoreComparing The Sheltered English Immersion Lessons Plan Vs. The Siop Lesson Plan785 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one is comparing the Sheltered English Immersion Lesson Plan vs. the SIOP Lesson Plan, it is clear that there are a few variances. I started my comparison between these two templates by reading a sample of a seventh grade English lesson that focused on figurative language such as similes and metaphors. I chose this particular lesson to begin because I am currently a seventh grade Language Arts teacher and one of the primary focuses this year was to further develop the students’ knowledge ofRead Morelesson plan in English of grade 74661 Words   |  19 PagesCLASSIFYING VERBS (transitive and Intransitive verbs) State whether it is ITRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE. _____________1.My friend hiked a mile. _____________2.She simply started down at her fingers. _____________3.My friend agreed with me about my plan on publishing a book. _____________4.The seminar participants stayed a week. _____________5.The woman burst with pride. _____________6.The boy walked to school on his own. _____________7.The cloth measures three yards. _____________8.TheRead MoreBeginner English Lesson Plan: First Day of Class1161 Words   |  5 PagesBeginner English Lesson Plan: First Day of Class Note to teachers: With beginners, mime and movement are essential. 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The Issue Of Gun Control - 872 Words

There should only be three guns per household First I think Molly Ivins is wrong when she say get rid of guns. What she don’t realize there will still be violence in the united states of America gun are not the problem the people that own the gun is the problem. Secondly some people buy guns to feel safe just think about a woman that has three kids and she lives on her on what should she go out and buy the protect her family and make sure that they are safe. Third people love gun because guns make people think twice about breaking into their house are bothering the person who own a gun. When she say get a knife, Get a Dog, But get rid of guns. Fourth at the same time she should do more research because dog kill people and knife kill people too, so I don’t get where she is trying to go with that. I just think gun are not the biggest issues, violence is the biggest issues because if you take gun always people will still find something to replace the gun. The Second Amen dment to the Constitution, which concerns the right to bear arms. I believe in the second amendment, but I think they should add information to the second amendment to aloud no more than three guns per household. That should be enough for one household to keep their family safe and out of harm s way. Most Americans may argue against the three guns per household some will say that they need more gun in their house.Many American love the second amendment because it gives them the right to buy as manyShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans belie ves it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Contro l929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) Free Essays

string(53) " depression and anger that was reported by patients\." Scenario A cancer which is present within families may be considered to be a stressful life event which may cause psychosocial morbidity and lead to other health risks. Frost et.al (2000) conducted a study into the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this study, they recruited 39 patients with and without a cancer diagnosis. These 78 patients were then asked to complete questionnaires. This was both before and after these patients completed tests in the cancer clinic. Before the risk evaluation included Spielberger’s Trait Anxiety Scale, the Medical Outcome Study Questionnaire, the Bipolar Profile of Mood States (POMS-BI), and an investigator-designed open-ended questions reviewed by a panel of experts. The results from these questionnaires demonstrated that the patients that were at risk of developing cancer had been identified as having an emotional breakdown when they had sought to deal with their circumstances (Frost et.al. 2013). Introduction The scenario, which is to be explored in this report, relates to the study by Frost et.al. (2000) which sought to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer. The questionnaires to test this included the Bipolar Profile of Mood States (POMS-BI). This sought to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2013). These two factors are often highly variable from individual to individual (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). This is because changes in their experiences and mood states may be affected by consuming different food or drink, all social interactions, any life events, which may occur in conjunction with the effects of any drugs or prescribed medications, which the patient may be taking (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985). The POMS-BI test was developed to assess all of the possible factors, which may influence an individual mood states negatively, or positivity (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). These mood states may range from an individual being extremely happy to depressed, agreeable to aggressive, anxious to cool, calm and collected, clear headed to confused, assertive to unconfident and lethargic to energetic (Lorr, 1984; Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). It was believed that in clinical settings only the negative states, which have been described, were measured as individuals ignored any positive feelings. However, the PMOS-BI test allowed both positive and negative states to be measured and observed in a clinical setting. Suitability of the items The POMS-BI test is based on the principle that it can be used to identify both positive and negative moods states and feelings when it is used on psychiatric patients. This enables health professionals to identify the patient’s current clinical condition. Furthermore, it may be used to measure the effectiveness of treatments such as, various psychotropic drug treatments, which may be utilised for patients presenting with anxiety or depression disorders (Lorr, McNair Fisher, 1982). Each of these items, which the POMS-BI test is able to measure, can also be used to understand the effectiveness of other treatments such as, relaxation therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy. It may also be utilised to compare a variety of personality disorders (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992) which have been outlined in DSM III. The POMS-BI test has two sections, one, which focuses on how patients feel in their present state, and one, which determines how they have felt over the last week. The section which focuses on their present state of mind asks the patient to rate how they feel. They are given a number of options within the questionnaire and have to choose the most appropriate of these. The second part of the questionnaire asks them to rate when they have felt ‘much like this’, so it is less focused than the first part. However, again patients are asked to choose from a range of options. The options, which they choose, allow the clinician to sum the score from the scales and this then allows them to rate the patient’s positive or negative states. Lorr Wunderlich (1988) found in their study, that in order to measure positive effects from the questionnaire, the half scale score items needed to be twelve half scales for each. The identification of the positive effect is based on the sum total of the item scores on the six positive scales, whilst the negative effect is based on the sum of item scores on the six negative scales. Thus, from the above, for the suitability of answering POMS-BI, we can ascertain that this test is expedient for each patient to answer them and it does not take a long time. The questionnaire is easy to understand and individuals do not have to think through their answers, they just have to be aware of their current mood state or feeling to be able to undertake the POMS-BI questionnaire (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992). This makes it suitable for a number of patients who may need to be assessed in a clinical setting. Reliability One example, which may be cited which demonstrates the reliability of the POMS-BI test was undertaken from a study where mood states were assessed using the POMS –BI (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). The responses from respondents were provided on a 5-point scale anchored by 0 = â€Å"not at all† and 4 = â€Å"extremely†. The study found that the internal consistency (alpha) coefficients for the POMS subscales ranged from .84 to .95 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). Furthermore, the Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .65 to .74 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). This one study demonstrates that the POMS-BI test is highly reliable. Validity The POMS-BI tests validity has also been ascertained through a number of studies, which have been undertaken in psychotherapy, outpatient drug trials, emotion inducing studies and criterion studies. Each of these types of validity tests has proven the usefulness of POMS-BI. From the psychotherapy studies that have been undertaken to ascertain the validity of POMS-BI, Lorr et.al. (1961) found that over an eight-week period, whilst it was compared to other treatments that there was a significant improvement in the tension, depression and anger that was reported by patients. You read "Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI)" in category "Essay examples" In comparison to this, another study (Haskell, Pugatch McNair, 1969) that found that there was no significant changes in the same emotional states of tension and anger, only in depression, which Lorr et.al. (1961) had identified. In a study of POM-BI, with outpatient drug trials Lorr McNair (1966) successfully demonstrated that the prescribed medication had reduced the levels of tension in the control group. However, this also demonstrated that the prescribed drugs did not reduce the patient’s vigour. Further, to this studies, which have examined the effectiveness of POMS-BI to measure emotionally induced states. In one study conducted by Startup Davey (2001), scholars found that there was a direct link between a patient’s mood state and the level of worry that they experienced. Further to this, in another study conducted by Doyle and Parfitt (1999) a direct correlation was measured between induced mood states and the perceived need profile of patients. Both of these studies, show that PMOS-BI may be used to measure emotionally induced states effectively. In the criterion studies, Parloff, Kelman, Frank, J. D. (1954) surmised that the patients that were tested by using POMS and the Hopkin Symptom Distress Scale, both attained the same outcome scores in relation to the levels of tension, depression or fatigue that they were feeling. This demonstrates the validity of POMS. Normative Data or Norms When each of these studies has been undertaken, utilising the POMS-BI scholars has been able to establish normative data or norms. For example, in one study, was conducted to understand the influence of a weight lifting programme that lasted for ten weeks. The patient group comprised of 32 adults who were aged between 60-84. The data indicated that ‘before the intervention, the depressed participants in both groups reported less frequent energy feelings compared with age norms (i.e., the mean SD for the relevant norms is 59.9, 22.1, and these data stem from a sample of 442 U.S. men and women between the ages of 65 and 74 yr).. After the 10-wk intervention, those who exercised reported a large increase in the frequency of energy feeling of 1.3 standard deviations’ (Rayman et.al. 2006: 148). This shows that by using the POMS-BI scholars are able to understand norms and normative data by which they may measure the outcomes of their studies and compare them to others. Practical Considerations The practical considerations which need to be considered when planning to utilise the POMS-BI are small, as the questionnaire does not take long for patients to fill in (no more than ten minutes on average). The materials needed for them to do this are the questionnaire which is usually printed on paper and a pencil so that they can choose the response that is most relevant to them. The POMS-BI score is easily calculated by clinicians using negative and positive mood state indicators. They do not even need to have scoring templates as the scores can be easily placed into a scoring page so that they can assess the patient’s current mood state. In addition, to each of these factors the questionnaire is easy to understand, so patients and clinicians should not need to spend too much time discussing what each of them need to do. This adds to the amount of therapy time which the patient may have. The only other consideration is if the patient’s first language is not En glish, under the circumstances it may be necessary to take some time to explain the questionnaire to them to ensure that they fill it in correctly. However, you may also be able to get POMS_BI forms in other languages upon request. The only other consideration is that this type of form should only be used by qualified clinicians who are fully competent and understand the outputs from the questionnaire fully. Conclusion This report has assessed many of the different aspects of using POMS-BI to assess patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings. From each of the sections above, it may be understood that the use of this questionnaire is easy, not time consuming and simple. From this perspective, one may say that using the POMS-BI questionnaire to measure the patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings is practical. In addition to this, a number of clinicians and scholars have used this toll successfully over the last few decades to assess patient’s moods, and today there are many citations in the literature that may be used to attain this methods validity and reliability. This method has also been used in a wide variety of organisations from schools, universities to working environments or clinical settings. Therefore, the questionnaire may be widely used in a variety of settings to measure patients positive and negative mood states or feelings. All o f this evidence attests to why it was a useful tool which could be utilised to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer (Frost et.al. 2000). As Frost et.al. (2000) could use the questionnaire to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2000) in relation to their experiences, the food or drink that they consumed, their social interactions or any life events which may have occurred during this time (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985). Thus, the test was ideal for this scenario and it should be utilised by clinicians in the future, as individuals that are at risk of developing cancer due to their circumstances may also be at a higher risk of suffering from depression, anxiety or other psychological disorders. This test could help to diagnose their symptoms early and this could ensure that they received the appropriate treatment soone r rather than later References DOYLE, J., PARFITT, G. (1999). The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need. Journal of sports sciences, 17(2), 115-127. Frost, M. H., Vockley, C. W., Suman, V. J., Greene, M. H., Zahasky, K., Hartmann, L. (2000). Perceived familial risk of cancer: Health concerns and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 18(1), 63-82. Haskell, D., Pugatch, D., McNair, D. M. (1969). Time-limited psychotherapy for whom. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21(5), 546. Loke, W. H., Hinrichs, J. V., Ghoneim, M. M. (1985). Caffeine and diazepam: separate and combined effects on mood, memory, and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology, 87(3), 344-350. Lorr, M. (1984). Profile of Mood States: bi-polar form (POMS-BI): manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Lorr, M., McNAIR, D. M., Weinstein, G. J., Michaux, W. W., Raskin, A. (1961). Meprobamate and chlorpromazine in psychotherapy: Some effects on anxiety and hostility of outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(4), 381. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M. (1966). Methods relating to evaluation of therapeutic outcome. In Methods of research in psychotherapy (pp. 573-594). Springer US. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of personality assessment, 46(4), 432-436. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Heuchert, J. W. (1984). Profile of moods states. Bi-polar Form (POMS-BI). San Diego, CA: Educational and Industry Testing Service (EDITS). Lorr, M., Wunderlich, R. A. (1988). A semantic differential mood scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(1), 33-36. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Parloff, M. B., Kelman, H. C., Frank, J. D. (1954). Comfort, effectiveness, and self-awareness as criteria of improvement in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 343–351 Rayman, M., Thompson, A., Warren-Perry, M., Galassini, R., Catterick, J., Hall, E., Bliss, J. (2006). Impact of selenium on mood and quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. Biological psychiatry, 59(2), 147-154. Startup, H. M., Davey, G. C. (2001). Mood as input and catatrophic worrying. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 83. Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., Cloninger, C. R. (1992). Mood states and personality traits. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24(4), 217-226. How to cite Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI), Essay examples

Irony Salem Witch Trials free essay sample

The first began back in the 1600s in a little town known as Salem Massachusetts, where people were killed for crimes of witchcraft. The second instance, while not quite as known for bestowing rigor mortis still put ruin on the lives of many. Trials in the 1950s fueled by McCarthyism and the idea that communism was invading the United States led to the blacklisting of many people as supposed socialists. Arthur Miller saw the real story of the trials for supposed unamericans during his time and he set about making it known to the public. However, had miller outright stated his views he would have found himself in the same position as those whos stories he tried to tell. Therefore he devised a creative solution; he wrote a story based on events in the Salem witch trials that is nearly perfectly symbolic of the McCarthyism trials. Millers extensive [use of] irony in the crucible reveals the actual motives behind events carried out during the Salem witch trials, and thereby he exposes the dark truth of what happened during 1950s McCarthyism trials on Unamerican activities. Even in the very beginning Miller wastes no time in describing the abject of his play. Some circumstances surrounding the ritual committed by the girls are near perfect representations of dramatic irony, that bring to light innocent people accused during both sets of trials. Most obvious concerns the girls lies about the nature of their time spent together it the woods. Readers will undoubtedly conclude that they were in fact practicing witchcraft of their own accord when the Reverend Parris found them, as Mary warren exclaims once the adults have departed, â€Å"its a sin to conjure, and we. (20) However, when confronted as to the purpose of their presence in the woods, Abagail and her friends falsely claim they only were in the process of innocent dancing. As they blame all their satanic actions on the slave girl Tituba, the dramatic irony of the situation becomes apparent. They are undoubtedly responsible for crimes of witchcraft, but no other characters in the story are aware of that fact and are willing to put all the blame on the next person in line. Through this irony Miller shows the attitude of these girls in the Salem witch trials; that they in fact lie to save themselves from the conviction of witchcraft, even though they end up putting their blame on a guiltless party. And yet a similar irony reveals itself in the subsequent dialogue of Tituba. She forced nothing whatsoever upon the girls, for at one point her claim reveals that â€Å"she [meaning Abagail] beg me to conjure! (44) Yet when this slave girl is grilled by the Reverend Hale and other men she admits to their accusations and forces herself to start calling out the names of people who also were supposedly affiliated with the devil. Dramatic irony oozes from her confession. Readers can infer that she lies by admitting to her meeting with the devil, but only in an effort to prevent her death. Although the other characters in the story only know to believe the lie she was forced to tell, and take it that all the individuals on her list are unquestionably guilty. Thus, through this dramatic irony Miller shows that the true motive of Tituba, like Abagail and the other girls, reflects her escape from the punishment associated with telling the truth. Miller included these ironies to explain how the names of devil worshipers called out were done out of fear, and were in actuality not true by any stretch of the imagination. Nonetheless, this event to strikes a comparison to the 1950s. Many of the accused communists were promised significantly lower charges should they reveal the names of others who allied with them in socialist shenanigans. ar 43) Through his dramatic Irony Miller remarks that in the McCarthyism trials when faced with the choice of punishment versus placing part of the blame on others, people responded in the same fashion as 300 years previous. He exposes to his readers to the idea that many of the convicted Reds were not guilty of anything, and that the dark and terrible situations where the Government sentenced people on the fal se accusations of others actually occurred. Other peculiar instances of dramatic irony reveal self centered claims made during the trials. Particularly this becomes known when Abagail and the other girls serve as God sent judges of satanic acts. As the story progresses Abagails true desire for Elizabeth Proctors husband becomes apparent. In Act 2 Scene 2, which was removed after the original production, she explains to John, â€Å"i will make you such a wife when the world is white again! † (150) Her lust for him is matched only by her determination to continue her facade of holiness. This explains the true purpose behind the conviction she made upon Elizabeth Proctor. She wanted to eliminate Johns wife in order to take him for herself. Still, Abagails action conveys a significantly different meaning for residents of Salem. They still only think she intends to identify potential devil worshipers in their midst. Readers can understand irony lies in the fact that most citizens have no knowledge of Abagails attempt to take John. Miller reveals that her true intentions are to misuse the power she has been given to separate a man she wants from his legitimate wife. Dramatic Irony also surrounds the willingness of the people to readily accept decisions made by the girls. In the introduction Miller is careful to explain the ideal conditions that exacerbated the witch hunts. Among them is the fact that a â€Å"long-held hatred of neighbors could now be openly expressed. Land-lust could now be elevated to the arena of morality. † (7) He means to say that regardless of the peoples true opinion, more often than not old grudges factored into their reaction about the trials. This is further proven as Giles Coreys deposition â€Å"states that you, [Mr. Putnam], coldly prompted your daughter to cry witchery† so that he could â€Å"kill his neighbors for their land. † (96) Irony exists in that while it may seem the characters only wish to purify their village, they in fact take advantage of the trials in an attempt to eliminate their enemies. And through this Irony Miller shows that real reason as to why the witch trials are so easily accepted by the people of Salem. As with Abagial Williams they see it as a chance to carry out their own selfish desires, be they for land or otherwise. Moreover The crucible yet again draws an important parallel to the 1950s. Namely â€Å"it was not unheard that Americans would take their own political and economic disputes to the courts. A case about communism almost never sided with the defendant. † (jr 53) Miller attempts to show that the McCarthyism trials had their fair share of people involved only for personal gain. This fact hits very hard with the public â€Å"for power lies in the hands of the people and if they are corrupt there may be no hope for democracy itself. (89) Miller shows this tragedy in the Salem witch trials to expose the potentiality of greedy and narcissistic claims made in the 1950s. There exists no doubt that some of the accusations were untrue and forged under selfish notions in both time periods, and a result that the Government unfortunately punished people unfairly. While Miller should be called nothing less than a master of dramatic irony, he manages to use situational irony in the Crucible a s well. Specifically to show how impossible it was to even defend the victims in the two sets of trials. One such case involves the event whereby John Proctor hands Danforth â€Å"a sort of testament† in which â€Å"the people signing it declare their good opinion of Rebbecca, ump; my wife [Elizabeth Proctor], and Martha Corey. † (93) The expectation seems that the governor would take the names and consider it a possible justification for the release or at least the reconsidering of the three well respected women. However Governor Danforths legitimate response to arrest all names who signed the list, appears quite interesting. It feels undoubtedly ironic because it does the complete opposite of the expected action associated with such a letter. However this whole act reveals the truth that John only sought to free his wife from her physical chains but he is painfully unsuccessful. â€Å"Moreover, he is completely rejected and ends up causing more harm than good† (bb 5) The rest of signers to his petition may see him as traitor after their arrest, but he never expected the situation to turn against him as it did. Perhaps the most apparent occurrence of this type of situational irony lies within in the part of Act III when Elizabeth Proctor, upon being asked about her husbands adultery, simply says â€Å"my husbandis a goodly man, sir. † (113) Her and Johns purposes were only in the best interest of each other, but the overall outcome was drastically different. John thought that his wife who always tells the truth would admit knowledge of his lechery, and as a result Abagails persecution of his wife would stop. Elizabeth on the other hand misunderstood the nature of the question, and thought by lying she would protect her husband from the gallows. Both cases lead to the irony, because husband and wife expected to save each other and yet in effect ended up only worsening the situation. However this tragic example of irony does reveal the true intentions of John and Elizabeth proctor, that they only wanted to do what was best for each other and would go to great lengths to accomplish that. The reality of the Salem trials is that people had honorable motives which ultimately were turned against them. Miller is drawing yet another parallel to McCarthyism. He wants his readers to think about how exactly so many socialists were blacklisted or otherwise hurt. Even those who defended them had their words twisted and ideas flipped to the point that they only accomplished the exact opposite of what they intended. (PR 4) The Crucible shows why individuals only hesitantly make claims in favor of the accused, for those that do only end up causing more harm in the end. On that note another classification of situational irony in the crucible exposes corruption in the very law system itself. Abagail and the girls are the source from which all alleged convictions of witchcraft and satanic acts are gathered, and â€Å"the children certainly do testify. † (100) Yet as Hale states while pointing at Abagail â€Å"this Girl has always struck me false. † (114) The people of the town have let themselves get carried away on the rantings of a bunch of teenage girls who claim to see spirits flying around, and theyve let the situation escalate to the point where there is no logic to anything. (RP 32) The irony is that the court system which is supposed to reveal the truth is acting under the guidance of a group of liars. Miller reveals that the actual reasoning behind the courts decisions has no basis in any legal practice whatsoever. On top of that the court officials almost seem as if they want to convict people. Danforth almost proudly exclaims, â€Å"and do you know near to four-hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn, and upon my signature? † (87) He would rather people not confess to satanic actions and make an example of them for the future. The irony here seems blatantly obvious, because a law system exists to protect the people from wrongdoing. It is better to let the guilty go free than to convict the innocent. † (Mr. Mac) In this case, the law keepers have seemingly forgotten their purpose, and instead of trying to rid the world of witchcraft, their true movies are instead based around trying to attain as many convictions as possible. A third instance of situational irony that exposes flaws in the court goes back to the confession of John proctor. He finally admits to his sin after months of concealing it and then Danforth and the court bluntly say to him â€Å"she spoke nothing of lechery, and this man has lied. † (113? This shows that when an actual bit of truth is presented to the lawmen, they reject it and again side with the liars. The situational irony lies in the fact that when Proctor confesses his sin, the court rejects his confession altogether on only the evidence of his wifes claim. These three examples of irony are perhaps the most important of all in relation to McCarthyism. They reveal that the court itself may represent unfairness in its proceedings. (jr 23? ) Miller urges his readers to believe that the judges not only believed liars and rejected the truth, but also that they pushed for the convictions rather than a fair trial.

Brain controlled car free essay sample

introduction ? Brain driven car which would be of great help to the physically disabled people. ? These cars will rely only on what the individual is thinking. ? Any physical movement on the part of the individual is not required . ? a great advance of technology which will make the disabled, abled. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ? By BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE researchers are able to produce artificial intelligence. ? Brain +computer = artificial intelligence BIOCONTROL SYSTEM ? The biocontrol system integrates signals from various other systems It comprises of 😕 Brain-computer interface ? Automatic security system ? Automatic navigation system AUTOMATIC SECURITY SYSTEM ? The EEG of the driver is monitored continually. ? When it drops less than 4 Hz then a message is given to the driver for confirmation and waits for sometime, to continue the drive. AUTOMATIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM ? It automatically monitors every route the car travels and stores it. ? The map database is analyzed and the shortest route to the destination is chosen. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain controlled car or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? By xm satellite radio the computer drives the car automatically. Brain computer interface ? It sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine ? It is a direct communication pathway between a human and an external device. ? Two-way BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions. EEG Transmission ? EEG (electroencephalogram) ? A wide screen of the computer is placed at an angle aesthetically suitable to the driver. Each program can be controlled either directly by a mouse or by a shortcut. The principle is that the impulse of the human brain can be tracked and even decoded. When the driver attempts for a physical movement it sends an impulse to the motor neuron It decode the message at the motor neuron to obtain maximum accuracy By observing the sensory neurons we can monitor eye movement of the driver. The cursor on the screen moves w. r. t eye movement of the driver the The sensors, which are placed at the front and rear ends of the car, send a live feedback of the environment to the computer. The steering wheel is turned through a specific angle by electromechanical actuators. The angle of turn is calibrated from the distance moved by the dot on the screen. Specialty of the car ? Once the driver (disabled) nears the car. The security system of the car is activated. ? Robotic arms assist the driver to his seat, As soon as the driver is seated the EEG helmet is placed on the drivers head ? Images as well as thermo graphic results of the driver are previously fed into the database of the computer. A brain-computer interface is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain and an external device BCIs would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions TEST RESULTS COMPARING DRIVER ACCURACY WITH/WITHOUT BCI ? Subjects demonstrated activation accuracies in the range of 70-82% ? Accuracies using actual finger movements were observed in the range 36-83% ? The average classification accuracy of imaginary movements was over 99% CONCLUSION ? When the above requirements are satisfied and if this car becomes cost effective ? we shall witness a revolutionary change in the society ? Thus the integration of bioelectronics with automotive systems is essential to develop efficient and futuristic vehicles. â€Å"Thus demarcation between the abler and the disabled vanishes†.

The Search For Other Worlds Extrasolar Planets essays

The Search For Other Worlds Extrasolar Planets essays Earths Beyond Earth: The Search for Other Worlds In early 1990, the first extrasolar planet was detected, surprising everyone by its strangeness. More planets have now been discovered outside our solar system than in it. These planets present many great mysteries to the astronomical world. Extrasolar planets are planets that exist outside our solar system; they are orbiting a star other than our Sun. So far, eighteen have been found, all of them defying well-established theories about planets and how they operate (Winters, 46). As Stephen Maran said, The new discoveries remind us that ignorance is not just bliss, it is also a lack of imagination. The newfound planets show us not only that a solar system is not a rare commodity, but that ours may be plain vanilla. (73) Finding extrasolar planets is both difficult and complicated. The average star, for instance, is one hundred million times brighter than any planet orbiting it (De Grasse Tyson, 87). Picking out a planet against the glare of a star is like trying to spot a 100-watt light bulb next to a 100-billion-watt searchlight, says Michael Lemonick (54). Also, earth-size planets are too small to have any significant effect on their star, so they are almost impossible to detect (De Grasse Tyson, 88). There is, however , a way to find extrasolar planets without using direct sight: the Doppler Effect. When a star has a planet in its gravitational field, it makes the star appear as if it is wobbling by stretching the light waves and slightly changing the stars color (Maran, 75). A second method of finding a planet is to search through a disk of debris surrounding a star, such as Vega. Chances are that a planet will exist there (De Grasse Tyson, 87). Out of the detected planets, only a few have act ually been seen, being found by accident by either the Hubble Space Telescope or the Infrared Space Observatory (Lemonick, 53). In...

Summary 5 234 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary 5 234 - Essay Example Pain is also an important issue to discuss with a hospitalized toddler. The child needs to be taught that it is not his fault that he is sick or in pain and that it is okay to express it when he is hurting. Teachers and family members must help the infant or child to cope with her illness. Infants and toddlers who have been hospitalized may need extra time and encouragement to meet their developmental milestones. They may also regress to an earlier stage of development. It is the teacher's job to reassure parents that this isn't permanent and with encouragement, their child will regain these skills. Promoting active and medical play in the classroom is also a good way for children to express their frustration or other feelings about their experience. Hospitalization or a long illness is difficult for the child, but it is also difficult for the family and friends. Parents may not know where to ask for help in caring for their child and they also need reassurance from their child's tea cher on how the child is coping in the classroom. It is important for the entire family to be involved in the recuperation of the recovering infant or toddler.

Cross-Cultural Management of Australia and China Essay

Cross-Cultural Management of Australia and China - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the Australian company should familiarise itself with these cultural values in order to foster success in China as a new target market. An Australian automobile firm -Holden invest- is considering China as a new market for its products. In order to increase its chances of success, it is imperative to do a cross-cultural analysis of these two countries. This will enable managers and stakeholders from Holden to first understand themselves and their own cultural perspectives. Thereafter, they may also understand the values of the Chinese partners that they plan to do business with. China is now Australia’s largest trading partner; this indicates that the automobile firm under consideration could draw a lot of lessons from other Australian’s experiences in China. Primary languages spoken in both countries are radically different since most Chinese speakers use Mandarin while Australians speak English. A number of Chinese residents have learned th e English language; however, translation difficulties may arise due to colloquialisms in Australia. In China, Confucianism dominates religious thought and has political connotations. This explains why religious tolerance may not be firmly adhered to. On the other hand, Australians are predominantly Christian but resolutely believe in the separation of religion from politics. Many individuals consider Chinese people as rule-followers who fear breakage of rules. This stems from their fear of authority as well as the severe repercussions they might face if they do not abide by them. Conversely, Australians are rule makers and usually speak openly about their discontentment about certain issues.

What is job analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is job analysis - Essay Example Part of the reason for this is that managers feel that they have been familiar with the content of the social sciences, human nature, since their childhood as opposed to, say, the content of nuclear physics or microbiology. This leads managers to rely on what they perceive as their experience-based knowledge of human nature in personnel decision making. Job analysis is a systematic process for acquiring objective and detailed information about jobs. It is not a single methodology but a generic term representing a range of techniques. The data gathered may be in the form of information on job tasks, roles, and job holder attributes relevant to job performance (p. 9). In organization, the role of job analysis has encountered managers who do seem to have developed considerable insight into human behavior. As a result of long years of watching successful and unsuccessful performers in particular positions, they can now make well-informed guesses as to which employee will be successful in those positions. This discerning ability, however, is likely to be specific to the positions and could not be effectively applied to organizational development programs for employees in different occupational specialties and levels of organizational functioning. Job analysis is crucial for effective recruitment because it allows certain standardization of job description. To effect the standardization and control for which procedures are designed, they are presented in a specific format conveying information for a particular action to be taken. The achievement may be only one step in a series of steps or the entire series. Once formalized in this way, job analysis procedures need to be followed clearly to achieve their objectives. Sometimes exceptions in job analysis may be made to a formalized process, but in that case the manner of making an

The issues in conformity

The issues in conformity Theory Conformity to group is another issue depicted on the movie to be researched. Based on Farlex, 2010, conformity means take action based on certain accepted normal standard. If we talk in context of group, so this conformity to group can be described as the action that accepted in a group as a foundation of an agreement. This is a need for each people to be in custom as a part of in-group people, rather than becomes out-group people in a certain group, gang, or organization that leads to a sign that that person is similar to people within that group which follow the consistency of the rules, despite of threatening the rules it selves (Sique, 2010).Basically high conformity to group means that when one persons will is defeated by others will in deciding something because they dont want to act opposed his/her groups will that may result in unsafe and high pressure community. Actually this conformity to group is the result of some cultural dimensions created by Dutch sociologist; Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaar. Based on doch and luthans, 2006, hofstede examined four cultural dimensions, while on the other hand Trompenaar developed seven dimensions. Not all dimensions can be linked as the result of conformity to group, however there are some factors that have strong bond with conformity that werent come from those dimensions. Application of Theory Based on hofstede, dimension in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and collectivism lead to high conformity, while particularism, communitarianism, neutral, and ascription from Trompenaar may give participation as well. Power distance describe when a superior in a group is accepted to have the greatest power in that group, therefore that person must be obeyed (Viaweb, 2010). In high conformity, high power distance is exists based on people who act as superior or made superior by others because of their ability or even race. They must be followed otherwise we can be treated as outsider in our group. High conformity may caused by situation in which its member feel uncomfortable in unusual or different circumstances (Itim International, 2009). People with this high level of uncertainty avoidance will be passive and tend to follow the rules, therefore they dont want to express their emotion to the group which makes them comfort with their group choice. Collectivism as opposite of individualism makes people tend to loyal with their group and share their value and belief that may lead to community interest. In high conformity, people may look after their group decision and be likely to forgone their own w ill. The problem is occurred when it comes to a question, â€Å"if everyone goes after others will, so whose willingness that must be complied with?†The answer might be related closely with power distance, in which the superior is the ruler. High conformity to group is a result of particularism in which the community of the group may help their friends using any other ways, including breaking rules as long as they are in one community. Based on doh and luthans, 2006, communitarianism refers to people that look upon themselves as a part of group not individual with own will that becomes requirement oh high conformity to group. high conformity tend to have neutral culture in which peoples emotion are not doing in an open or ordinary ways, thus people keep silent even the decision is contradictive with their will. Later if we see conformity characteristic, we can see that people in that group tend to be ascription culture that means the people who become â€Å"the leader† is the one that mature either in age, or gender, not based on their ability or knowledge. So even someone who has better idea, but if the older one said something worse, people tend to choose the older one. Another issue that closely related with conformity to group is because of ethnocentrism. Its the belief that â€Å"ones own way of doing something is superior to others† (Doh and Luthans, 2006). This meaning can be applied to all aspect, such as one culture belief that their culture is highest among others. And in other words we can say it is when people everything based on their own way, without accepting that other people might have their own perspective. People could have high conformity in their group if they think that people on their group is the best, which is characteristic of ethnocentrism, and look other as low level group. This will lead to external conflict in society life. â€Å"Even though it may cause external conflicts, it creates internal unity. It also makes individuals feel more certain about their beliefs. Through providing individuals with a sense of belonging to a particular community, ethnocentrism enables social order. Societies need that kind of solidarity and order so as to continue â€Å"(Charon, 2007). Implication to business The issues in conformity to group and ethnocentrism itself may have implication to managing across cultures either in domestic or international organization. Most likely the negative effects will occurs based on those cultural issues. Ethnocentrism may result a bad effect where it goes into business or organization world. Firstly it may result in the bad decision when it comes to a company that did offshore and use home country managers. managers from home country with high ethnocentrism may think that the best business decision is the one like in home country as they might think that business decision in host country is not the best one. This may result in the failing in companys business. if we go to personal level, we will see more issues that can be raised. Based on the high ethnocentrism level, a person with high level of managerial may makes decision with any issues, such as they might think that their race is higher than local people in the workplace, so that the managers might support the employee with same race or nationality that similar with him/her. That kind of managers will hear more and approved employees idea that come from similar background with the manager, rather than any idea from local employ ee, even that idea is greater. Even in case where a manager must fire the employee, the manager will let off employee based on their certain background. In the case of conformity any subordinate may find any difficulties in give their brilliant idea, or aspiration to their superior. Most likely they are afraid that if they dont agree with their superior decision or idea, they will be marked as an opposition party, which later on resulting in their future career. Even the subordinate mindsets that think their superior is the best person with all excellent business approach. Moreover Pech (2001) reach a finding that high level of conformity in organization may resulting in disadvantage effects such as avoidance of individualism, reduce individual sense of creativity, discovery, and ownership. And final disadvantages to organization may occurred because of low morale and incompetency in taking action to competitor or external pressures through low capability in low cost and product differentiation. Recommendation In order to prevent the negative effect of conformity and ethnocentrism to group, there are some ways to be applied. First of all, the main effort that must be applied is communication and training. Such in case of off shoring company, the managers from home country must get any training before start to become the leader in the host country. They must know how to interact with local employee in their behavior, including socialization, appraising, and cultural rules. Communication is important factor that must be applied in certain issues that both faced by managers and employees in order to resolve with win-win solution. Then the next thing to do is managers should change their own habits and have ability in understanding others by learn to see different reaction to such business approach that may be seen from other people. Groupthink can also be used rather than individual will of a manager by asking opinion from their subordinates and thinking out of the box. This groupthink may ch ange both the managers and employees behavior and positively will reach good results (Helium, Inc, 2010). However in a journal by manz and neck (1995) they state that groupthink only focus on the negative effect in team decision making and thus there is a tendency within the member of group to fail in discussing and analyze any alternative course of action. Therefore they offer new ways of thinking by using Team think that will produce effective synergies thinking in belief and assumption that improve decision making and the outcome of performance. Charon, J.M. (2007). Ten Questions: A Sociological Perspective. (6th ed). Belmont: Thomson. Doh.J.P, Luthans.F, 2006, International Management culture, strategy, and behavior 7th edition, McGraw-Hill. Farlex, Inc, 2010, conformity, viewed 5th April 2010. Helium,inc,2010, Understanding the effects of groupthink in the workplace, viewed 5th April 2010. Itim International, 2009, Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimension. Viewed 5th April 2010 Manz.C.C, and Neck.C.P,1995, Team think: beyond the groupthink syndrome in self-managing work teams, Journal of Managerial Psychology Volume 10 No 1 pp. 7-15 Pech,R.J, 2001, Reflections termites, group behavior, and the loss of innovation: conformity rules, Journal of Managerial Psychology Volume 16 · No 7 pp. 559-774 Sique, 2010, the need for: conformity, viewed 5th April 2010. Viaweb, 2010, Power distance, viewed 5th April 2010.

Iago, Master of Cruelty in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Iago, Master of Cruelty in Othello Iago stands supreme among Shakespeare's evil characters because of his intense and subtle cruelty, perfectly combined with his exceptional powers of will and intellect. As a result of this, his motivations are unclear; however the innocent, loyal, and honest character Iago portrays to the others, does not reflect his true character. He is the ultimate puppet master. Every action is preplanned and manipulated for his audience to perceive him as this trustworthy decent man. Iago possesses such intelligence and acting ability that he forces others to act on and believe what he tells them. The other characters see him as what he wants them to see, and not for what he really is. The three main emotional weapons Iago uses to destroy everyone are reputation, desire and jealousy. A good reputation is the most important virtue to the characters of this play. Their good name is what keeps them in high standing in society. What family one comes from and how one uses that status permeates every facet of life. Iago uses this as a weakness. He does everything in his power to destroy the reputation of others by creating illusions and lies and sharing them with those whom would listen. Iago was so trusted by all, that people would continuously look to him for advise and he would use these opportunities to manipulate their opinions and thoughts towards others. The importance of reputation and its usefulness is shown when Iago says, "Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls."(Othello. Act III. iii. 182-183.) One way Iago uses others importance of reputation to destroy them is in the case of Cassio. Early on in the story, Othello, who is a Moorish general in the Venetian army has an opening for a second in command. Although Iago wants this position desperately, Cassio is chosen. When the opportunity arises for Iago to avenge this, he does. Iago convinces Cassio , known as a responsible, loyal and trustworthy man to abandon his night watch and go out drinking. He eventually gets into a fight with another lieutenant and is discovered by Othello. When asked to explain the situation, Iago lies and tells Othello that Cassio behaves like this all of the time. Using jealousy as a weapon is what prompts Iago to plot the ultimate downfall of the characters in Othello and especially Othello himself.

Aristotle and Plato Essay

One of the greatest philosophers of all time was a man named Aristotle, the ancient greek philosopher. He was practically influenced every area of conceptual modern thinking. His mind set was in terms of materialism, which he essentially viewed substance on Earth before ideas and qualities. He genuinely believed in the notion of analyzing compounds and characteristics of people and their actions. Aristotle, who was a student of Plato, believed in â€Å"virtue of character and thought†, which means that virtue results from teaching, experience, and habits rather than Plato’s idealism notions of ideas and qualities (pg.265-266). He believed that peoples noble actions would lead to virtue and that all things in life had an end. That all ends must result in something good, an example would be an acorn, the end of an acorn would be an acorn tree. Aristotle believed that it was inevitable for humans to obtain happiness over a course of time and that this was the end for a human being. He believed that in order to be virtuous, one must first avoid temperance and deficiency. Aristotle also claims that justice can mean both lawfulness and fairness or injustice can mean unlawfulness and unfairness. His notion was that the law encouraged people to pursue virtue, therefore, the lawful person would result to being virtuous. In essence, he claims that people who pursue virtue will be just and those who do not pursue virtue will be unjust. He believed that sensory perceptions in the human soul are reflections of objects, and thoughts in consciousness are based on what we have already seen. Plato believed that the average person could not see the truth, therefore, the noble lie was essential to get people to pursue their natural form or task. A simple ascetic city with the notion of everyone having natural abilities to do a certain job was justice for Plato. In contrast, Aristotle, did not believe that humans had access to these perfect forms in their minds as a way to reach justice and the perfect city. He argues that justice is a complete virtue when exercising virtue in relation to others and that it requires intellectual virtue. That a virtuous person should pursue the most pleasant and happy life, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation. The highest good for Aristotle is the end of a human, which is gained through virtuous action over their course of a life time. In order to live a life of virtue according to Aristotle, one must find the mean or good actions, which finding the mean is virtuous actions. By exercising virtue in relations to others is a good thing that will lead to a virtuous happy life and this will inevitably lead to an end of a human being, which is happiness. He was not a hedonist, his highest good reflected on reason, virtue, and experience that gains practical wisdom and that people learn from mistakes. This notion of a human gaining happiness by living a virtuous life reflects on his notion of a content society. Aristotle’s perception of justice was similar to Plato’s in the way that virtue related to both temperance and courage, but in all other aspects they were completely in contrast. Virtue consisted of habits and making right choices for the individual to be just, according to Aristotle. Virtue of temperance and courage causes people to be in a â€Å"good state† and to perform their â€Å"functions† well (pg. 269). Therefore, in order to acquire justice in Aristotle’s perception, virtue would have to take place within the individual’s state of character and reason for the whole in order to pursue virtue. Equality being about justice and exercising freedom was permissible according to Aristotle. He was really about diversity, but not a feminist, he clearly reduced the women’s roles in society, which was normal due to an era of sexism. There where three forms of happiness according to Aristotle- a life of pleasure and enjoyment, a life of free and responsibility, and a life as a thinker and philosopher. He rejected the imbalance of these premises and it was essential in human relationships. Therefore, finding the mean and his example of not to be cowardly or impulsive, but courageous. Aristotle believed in the mixture of constitutions, which means that if you mix â€Å"oligarchy† and â€Å"democracy†, which would be essentially â€Å"polity†; bringing a large middle class, then there can be more equality and justice among the citizens (pg. 403). He described democracy as a form of government that would overthrow the rich. Therefore, where the poor are predominant, there will be democracy. He’s implying that there is a better way; modern way to conduct a government where the people are not ruled by a monarch or tyranny. This means that if you rely on one type of constitution, then it would inevitably lead to depravity by changing into a bad constitution. An example would be if monarchy was established, then it would lead to tyranny or aristocracy to oligarchy. Aristotle’s notion was that in order to have equality, then a mixture of constitutions was necessary for justice. He he elaborates on constitutions, he is indicating the system of government that should be established. This relates to virtue because in order to be virtuous depravity must be impermissible and having a mixture of constitutions brings a balance to good. He advocates on having a massive middle class would be essential in order to have a balance of equality and fairness. He supports on having this large middle class because it will genuinely bring a balance in society and impact on politics according to Aristotle. The virtue of justice belongs to the city, a self-determination of what is just. He advocates on the art of acquisition; that wealth should have a limit. He does not seem to like people who are upset with moneymaking. He emphasized on that a democracy was essentially the worse type of government; just as a tyranny. If there is no large middle class, then democracy denounces to rule by the poor and Aristotle believed that it should be the rule of everyone or the many. Therefore, the mixture of democracy and oligarchy was essential to Aristotle for the sake of polity. Being a just person can lead to a life of virtue, which is acquired by noble actions and experience, in contrast with Plato’s ideology of perfect forms in the human mind being to abstract and delusional. However, Aristotle’s notion is to pursue a virtuous life by making right choices and learning from mistakes, which is very good because human beings are not perfect. Happiness would be considered the end of a human being and it’s acquired by virtue according to Aristotle and making choices on whether to be or not to be a just person. His perspective revolved around people living in communities or political communities and that politics was a characteristic for the well-being. He also incorporated public education being the means of a community and through the development of practical wisdom because he wanted people to learn from their mistakes, stating that there is no perfect idea of a society. When an individual acquired happiness, which was the highest good over their course of life, it was done by pursuing virtue and noble actions. Therefore, Aristotle’s theory involves a fair political view where there is a higher class, lower class, but more importantly, a massive middle class where everyone must participate in politics. In accordance to Aristotle’s and its success can be determined by the happiness of the citizens. Where each citizen has acquired the point of where they derive in moderation and are capable of distinguishing the means and the extremes and the good of society. He criticized Sparta on their austere culture and the citizen structure of a military society because he genuinely believed that it was not a content community. He did not lack humane values and he emphasized on how people should exercise virtue in relations to others. In essence, Aristotle’s theory offers a well established broad and fair view of a justice for a society and politics.

Free Essays on Growth Of Holden Caulfield

The Catcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D. Salinger in 1951. Holden Caulfield is the protagonist who tells the story of â€Å"this madman stuff that happened to me around last christmas†(Salinger,1). It is a very popular novel that frequently provokes strong reactions both positive and negative. Salinger wanted to capture the identity crises which many young adults of Holden’s age are caught in. he focuses on the character development. Holden narrates its own story from a psychiatric facility a few month after it. The story cover a time period of about three days which are greatly important as they relate the passage from his youth into maturity. Though his innocence has already been lost, he still hopes to protect others children from knowing about adult subjects. Throughout the book, he will change and will become much more mature, although his perception of the world as a corrupt and ‘phony’ place is not modified. Holden’s central goal is to resist to the process of maturity and to resist to the hypocrisy of the adult world. He is an atypical adolescent with special needs. Two traumas put him in an emotional statue: the death of his brother Allie and the suicide of one of his schoolmates therefore he suffers from depression which stems from a desire not to grow up. Traumatized, holden is terrified by the idea of change and disappearance; the symbols of the ducks in Central Park symbolize that change is not permanent. Even if they leave the lack every winter, they return every spring; therefore, some vanishing are temporary. It is a direct result of his inability to come to adult world. These had made him suicidal: â€Å"What I really felt like, though, was committing suicide† (Salinger,104). He is extremely immature and has a fixation on childhood. For him, it is a world of innocence, curiosity, and honesty. His glorification of children, his admiration of Phoebe (his youngest sis... Free Essays on Growth Of Holden Caulfield Free Essays on Growth Of Holden Caulfield The Catcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D. Salinger in 1951. Holden Caulfield is the protagonist who tells the story of â€Å"this madman stuff that happened to me around last christmas†(Salinger,1). It is a very popular novel that frequently provokes strong reactions both positive and negative. Salinger wanted to capture the identity crises which many young adults of Holden’s age are caught in. he focuses on the character development. Holden narrates its own story from a psychiatric facility a few month after it. The story cover a time period of about three days which are greatly important as they relate the passage from his youth into maturity. Though his innocence has already been lost, he still hopes to protect others children from knowing about adult subjects. Throughout the book, he will change and will become much more mature, although his perception of the world as a corrupt and ‘phony’ place is not modified. Holden’s central goal is to resist to the process of maturity and to resist to the hypocrisy of the adult world. He is an atypical adolescent with special needs. Two traumas put him in an emotional statue: the death of his brother Allie and the suicide of one of his schoolmates therefore he suffers from depression which stems from a desire not to grow up. Traumatized, holden is terrified by the idea of change and disappearance; the symbols of the ducks in Central Park symbolize that change is not permanent. Even if they leave the lack every winter, they return every spring; therefore, some vanishing are temporary. It is a direct result of his inability to come to adult world. These had made him suicidal: â€Å"What I really felt like, though, was committing suicide† (Salinger,104). He is extremely immature and has a fixation on childhood. For him, it is a world of innocence, curiosity, and honesty. His glorification of children, his admiration of Phoebe (his youngest sis...

How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life

How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life A professional speech writer creates powerful and memorable speeches that captivate the audience and inspire others to take action. Public speaking is a great tool and can be used to effectively communicate new ideas, provide with some crucial information, and connect emotionally with the audience. Because of this, professional speech writing is a service that many public speakers rely on. Over the course of this article, youll learn how to write a speech at a professional level. Structure Your Presentation While writing a speech, you should try to structure it to be as concise and understandable as possible. The main goal of public speaking is not to show off or impress others with large vocabulary, but to convey the information in the way that people can understand it. Using simple language as well as sentences will help you communicate the main point easily. Moreover, being precise while speaking is quite useful skill not only while speaking in front of the audience, but also in your daily life. Being able to simplify a complex idea and explain it clearly is the key aspect of effective communication. It provides people with all the key information, without bogging them down in unnecessary details. Hook the Audience Simple language doesnt have to be boring or feel mundane. In fact, the best speeches captivate the audience by using memorable words and phrases. Good speech writers will often repeat key words or phrases throughout their speeches to highlight how important these issues are. Repetition is a good way to hook the audience as well as make it to remember the message. Quotable words and phrases are also good speech devices, since they can often sum up your entire speech in one or two memorable sentences. You can use these tactics in your regular life as well. Using memorable phrases during the daily communication, or while the job interview makes you stick to the listeners mind. Inject Emotion and Be Vivid In good speeches, words are used to paint a vivid picture of what the speaker is talking about. They mentally transport the listeners to the exact situation, and let them visualize the message. By injecting emotions and descriptive phrases into your speech, you turn the mere information into the vivid one, so, you make it almost impossible for the audience to get bored. They will be engrossed in your message for sure. Being able to speak emotionally is a great skill to use in your daily life. It will help you make new friends easily as well as apply for a job without making any efforts. Remember that great speech writers craft informative messages that keep the audiences attention from the very beginning till the very end. And now you know how to force people listen to you with open mouths. Doing so will make your speeches more persuasive and effective once theyre delivered.

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Social policy - Essay Example The activities of discrimination by the social workers towards the travellers fall under the category of institutional discrimination. In order to prevent the undesired activities of discrimination that has led to the increase of harassment and distress in the course of livelihood of the travellers, the social policy on the adoption of anti-discriminatory practices have been formulated. The social policy has influenced changes in the approach of the social workers that have prompted them to undertake activities that advocated the rights of the travellers to attain equal access to public resources. The National Association of Social Workers is the largest body of association of professional worker that was founded in the year of 1955. The international organization for social work consists of around 130000 workers belonging to various communities of United States and other parts of the world. The social workers have the mission of promoting the best practices in the field of social work by engaging deeply with the individuals and their families living in the communities and understanding their needs and areas of deprivation (Acton, 2007, p.62). The purpose of the social workers is directed at protecting the best interest of the communities and its individual members and families through dedicated activities and advocating the cause of protection of the community members in the areas in which they lack. The activities of the social workers are guided by their objectives of continuously working to improve the living conditions of the members and the families in the society (Adam son and Donovan, 2005, p.38). This has been achieved through the application of professional knowledge and skills necessary for offering better social services to the communities. The National Association of Social Workers also desires to increase the professional knowledge and skills through the process of field

Too big to fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Too big to fail - Essay Example However there is another school of thought that correlates size with stability and calls the ‘too big to fail’ a farce. According to this thought stability of big names comes from high investor confidence, well-framed insurance policies and regulations etc. The big names are associated with trust and long-term customer relationship. However, the big banks increase the systematic risks causing smaller banks to collapse. Also with the size increases monopoly in the economy with larger names hoarding over the business scene with little or no advantage to the smaller players. This unfair treatment creates resentment in the smaller units and thus the level playing field is not achieved. Having used many interventions in the past years, the Fed has now somewhat taken a back seat towards protecting the large banks. As the huge structures demand huge funds which are simply unavailable to save them nowadays. This brings us to the Dodd-Frank Act that was enacted in 2010 as a preventive measure after the 2008 crises. ‘ Its first objective is to limit the risk of contemporary finance – what critics often call the shadow banking system; and the second is to limit the damage caused by the failure of a large financial institution.’ (Skeel, 2011) This act has made some regulatory changes, identifying non-banking financial system and regulating bank holding companies. An important part of this act is the Volcker Rule that refrains US banks to enter into speculative investments, thus keeping the commercial banks separate from the investment banks. Thus the size brings stability and returns leading to economic growth for a country. But overdoing of goodness turns bitter and in the same manner a bank too big will eventually topple over and when it does the smaller units will be crushed under it. The too big to fail slogan is right but only to a certain extent as the government will

Commercial Realities in Project Management Coursework

Commercial Realities in Project Management - Coursework Example .....................................................................................6 Swot analysis ...........................................................................................................................9 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................12 Recommendation .....................................................................................................................13 Introduction Project management is a discipline that involves management of resources in a project to achieve the set goals and objectives. Project managers’ plan, organizes, and controls all the activities of the project to realise the set goals. The project must be appraised by use of various methods to determine its viability. Somalia is a country that does not a centre of training its cadets. There is a lot of expenditure in training the cadets outside the country. Somalia and xyz defence team wants to initiate F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program. There is demand for the facility from Somalia and other foreign nations. This project will involve large sums of money, and many logistics must be put in place. There will be many interested parties involved, and therefore there will be many issues arising. These activities includes; purchase, supply, finance and contract management issues. Somalia requires an in-depth analysis of the project to assess it viability. In the process of establishing F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program, there will be many contacts between Somalia and other firms. The procurement firms must ensure that the goods procured are of the right quality. Supply of low quality goods will amount to breach of contract. If the construction is done with the low quality materials, it is the procurement firm to take the losses. Manage ment is a doctrine that is useful in the successful running of the business organization. Through management, the various business owners are able to delegate some authority to their subordinates. This is necessary enough to ensure the effective running of the business or project. A project entails many different activities that are all correlated in ensuring the success of the overall business endeavour. Duties, challenges, obligations are assigned to the employees of any organizational setting. Delegation is an essential part in the management. Project management is a part of management that concentrates on the effective management of a project until its completion. Through technological usage of resources that are not costly and cheap in the end one is able to make skilful use of the available resources to put into practice the application of the project. Proper monitoring of all the transactions that transpire during the project will ensure its overall success. Evaluation tools are in existence in the establishment of viability of any business portfolio. The use of Net Present Value, IRR, and other mathematical tools enable one to establish mathematically the viability of any business endeavour. In most government projects, the government is entitled to inspect all the materials. Many potential disputes are likely to arise since it is an enormous investment. These must be handled with clear laws governing the contracts. The project will be evaluated by use of various methods to ascertain its viability. Since it is a capital-intensive project,

Creating Sustainable Workplace Essay Example for Free

Creating Sustainable Workplace Essay Thinking more broadly about sustainability (see above), reflect on your personal life. How sustainable is your life style? What can you do to make it more sustainable? Write your responses to these questions. Based on the aforementioned definitions and descriptions of sustainability, it is important to put emphasis personal sustainability for it is the aspect that lacks attention. As for my own assessment of my personal sustainability, my life is quite on the right track. I practiced habits that promote health and wellness. However, I admit that I have some lapses in my behavior that I need to improve. I tend to push myself in doing things without thinking the consequences in my health. I spend some time working and studying until the morning which I know is very unhealthy. I also like fast food and eating out for it is convenient for me, which I know have negative impacts on my health and on the environment that eating organic. I need to change some of my attitudes and behavior in order to attain personal sustainability. I need to set limits and improve my time management skills to effectively manage my life. Assignment #3: Observe practices of sustainability at your internship location. Interview 2 people and ask them what the organization does to promote sustainability. What practices do you see and hear that support sustainability? Think broadly here; providing livable wages is as much a sustainable practice as recycling! Discuss what you saw and heard in your interviews that tell you how well the organization is supporting sustainability practices. What thoughts do you have for what the can do to enhance its practices? The company I am working as an intern promotes sustainable practices and inculcates them to their employees as part of their corporate social responsibility. The company provides appropriate and proper wages on their employees as well as medical benefits. Also, the work hours are convenient to promote personal sustainability. As part of their corporate social responsibility, they practice waste segregation to help the environment. They also try as much as possible to minimize their wastes or garbage in the office. For example, the used papers are used as scratch papers to take notes. This is done to help reduce pollutants and to promote environmental sustainability.

Development of the Administrative Structure

Development of the Administrative Structure 1 PHASE 1 (1789- 1883) THE FORMATIVE ERA 1.1 Introduction Although Public Administration as a separate academic field was only developed in the early 20th century it is important to study the early history of the field as it gives important insights into the complex governance structure that is currently in existence within the nation. The[b1] first phase began with the setting up of the new government under a new constitution by George Washington in 1789, takes a significant change in approach post the election of President Andrew Jackson which gave rise to the spoils system and finally ends with the implementation of the Pendleton Act which marked an end to the spoils system. The major factors that influenced the creation of an administrative structure during this time period and the reasons why they was modified afterwards will be presented in this section. 1.2 Major Factors The major factors that influenced the evolution of public administration during the first phase presented chronologically are as follows: 1.2.1 Government under the U.S Constitution The United State Constitution was drafted in 1787 and the new government had its first session in 1789 under President George Washington. While the period during the drafting of the constitution involved the sorting and testing of the American heritage of political ideas and experience, the period between 1789 to 1800 was one of selective synthesis of political concepts, and the establishment of a federal system of administration during the presidency of Washington and Adams (Caldwell,1976). The role of public administration during the early formative years was seen primarily as to facilitate in institutionalizing freedom. The government during this phase was largely concerned with coming up with a working system that could factor in the complex relations that existed between the states the centre and provide unique identity to the government 1.2.2 Expansion of Federal Powers under Hamilton The first major changes in the administrative structure of the newly formed state came with the changes brought in by Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the treasury. During this period, Hamilton introduced several bills through his reports that lead to the federal government assuming state debts, creation of a national bank and tariffs on select trade operations. In just 10 years Hamilton put in place an administrative infrastructure that set the young nation on course for becoming an opulent commercial power (Green, 2002). These advancements by the federal government gave significant power to itself over the states and thus increased its responsibilities as well. The role of the federal government changed significantly after this step, as it moved from the state of being a facilitator to that of a manager of public affairs. The role of Hamilton in deciding the path to be taken by America in becoming an International power was based on supporting a strong national government as a more effective protector of rights and as a greater stimulant to prosperity than the states which would otherwise remain as a force majeure. His contributions to public administration in America according to Green (2002) can be mainly classified among four major categories: politics, organization design, ethics and law. Politics: Hamilton believed that public administration must conform its operations with the political character and principles of its people/society. He was the first person to envision the complex relation that public administration would hold with politics and believed that all three branches (Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary) would be involved with neither monopolizing or being subordinate to the other Organizational Design: Hamilton wanted a strong government that possessed competency and power, particularly considering the failure of the Articles of Confederation. For that to take effect Hamilton envisioned a partial agency concept which allowed separation of powers and also fostered dependency. Ethics :Hamilton was also one of the first persons to identify the role, ethics is to play in public administration. He understood that public administration officials might be influenced significantly and hence wanted to enhance their ethical standards by using external and internal measures like public status, sufficient pay, belief that future generations will view their achievements etc. Legal : Hamilton being one of the founding fathers involved in the writing of the constitution had in depth knowledge of its powers and limitations. He used the necessary and proper clause to create and muster support for his financial and welfare schemes. 1.2.3 Rise of Jefferson and Republicans Thomas Jefferson was ideologically polar opposite of Hamilton and preferred a Laissez-faire approach by the government. Under Washington and Adams Hamilton was setting up the road map towards the creation of America which would posses an integrated balanced economy requiring the simulation of finance and manufacturing and implying a degree of centralized administrative control over the national economy. Jefferson despised this ideology as he had seen first hand the evils of centralization, bureaucracy and public indebtedness during his travels to France as minister to the court. Jefferson wished to keep the American Common Wealth a union as to foreign affairs but decentralized as to domestic affairs. Jefferson became the voice of the people who were against Hamilton and his aggressive federalist ideologics. Jefferson was successful in maneuvering this opposition to Hamilton to finally win the presidency which lead to a significant alternation in the direction America was progressing in for a very long time. Jefferson believed in a wise and frugal government which shall restrain men from harming each other and shall otherwise leave them free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement. The Ideological differences of Hamilton and Jefferson can also be attributed to what they felt constituted America. Hamilton look at America as a growing county that had a huge potential, if it embraced the federalist approach whereas Jefferson viewed America as the people it constituted and wanted to focus more their growth and prosperity. Although Jefferson is considered as one of the finest presidents of America , he is largely remembered for what he said than what he did during his presidency. The major contribution of Jefferson to growth of Public Administration are the set of principles he had developed. They represented to him the rules by which wise administrative action should be guided. They were : Harmony , Frugality Simplicity , Providing for Change, responsibility and decentralization. His role at the top of the executive body made him realize the need for educated and competent leaders in the highest offices. He was also one of the first person who attempted to divide the politics from the administration, although it was done only in the case of federalist appointees. The government of America and its executive body took a 180 degree turn from the Hamiltonian approach, under Jefferson and stayed so until the late 19th century. Another important aspect related to his presidency was his belief int he educat ion system. He believed that education was clearly the responsibility of the government. Jeffersons presidency highlighted the major dilemmas that presidents have to encounter for centuries afterwards. He did not prefer taxation of the general public but had to execute it, he wished for greater local control but at the same time was vary of growing state and local powers. 1.2.4 Populist Approaches and the Rise of Spoils System President Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America. His rise to power signaled the rise of the populist democracy and more importantly the spoils system. Under this system the federal government jobs were given to its supporters of the ruling party as a reward for working for it as opposed to a merit system. Jackson’s rise to power signaled numerous ever lasting changes in America. The change in the voting electorate from white men who possessed property to all the white men brought everlasting changes to the democratic structure of America. This eventually lead to the populist movements which meant policies that had more public support were implemented most of the times. The growth of the voter electorate made the process of winning the election process all the more difficult, the parties started to implement the spoils system as an incentive for its party members to work it. The spoils systems had one of the biggest negative impacts on the pro gress of America as it lead to the drain of qualified personnel from administrative positions. The new emphasis on loyalty rather than competence had a long term negative effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of the federal government 1.2.5 Role of the Judiciary The expansion of the powers at the federal level and the varying political stands of the states lead to conflicting situations within the government particularly at the executive and legislative levels. The supreme court passed several land mark judgments in the formative years in cases like the Marbury Vs Madison , Fletcher Vs Peck and Gibbons Vs Ogden using its judicial review powers. These judgments particularly demarcated the boundaries between the executive and the judicial branches and also clearly specified the limitations of the legislatures and the executive branches. The rise of the supreme court and its use of the judicial review powers along with the necessary and proper clause of the congress, helped in acting as checks on the powers imbibed with public administration to the legislature and the executive. The dominance of the judiciary by the federalists, particularly after the might night appointees further polarized the differences in ideologies of the Hamiltonians an d the Jeffersonians and established the important role of the judiciary in public administration. 1.2.6 Changing mood of the Nation America as envisioned by its founding fathers consisted of people who had historically a rights oriented and individualistic culture. This unique point of view of things of Americans was and is, even now one of the major factors influencing its policies and administration. Even the constitution as written by the founding fathers, attempts to be a limiter on the power of the government rather than limit the powers of its citizens. In its early formative years voting rights belonged largely to the aristocrats who were fairly educated. The government until 1829 embraced the Hamiltonian approach and promoted expansion and promotion of the private sector to boost the economy. This decision particularly was comfortable from the elite stand point of view as it helped boost their businesses. But as the awareness and educative levels of the citizens increased gradually, the relative interest of politics within the citizens increased and lead to a situation where in a majority of the voters we re not aristocrats. This change in voting rights and political awareness was influential in creation of populist electorates that eventually lead to the creation of the spoils system. The role of Religion in early America as a social binder was also very crucial in steering the ideological stand of the Americans. 1.3 Role of Presidents The constitution of The United States of America grants its president the power over the executive branch. The unique division of power between the executive, the legislative and the judiciary is what makes the American democracy and administrative structure unique. The necessary and proper clause of the constitution grants the president and his executive office unique privileges and has lead to everlasting impact on the administrative structure of the country. Hamilton himself under president Washington made ample use of the ambiguity in the constitution to propagate a strong centralized federal structure. All the presidents in the formative era except John Quincy Adams were founding fathers and in being so had intent and purpose towards the growth of the nation. Under President Washington, Hamilton envisioned and created a strong federal executive body. He continued the same even under President John Adams and lead to the federal governments increasing hold over the states. Under i ts first two presidents, the American government witnessed a massive boost to the federal and state level executive structures. The American presidents office saw numerous changes under the subsequent presidents of the formative era , but were largely not influential on the administrative structure of the state. The mid night appointees under President Adams lead to politicizing of the judicial and the executive wings also and further increased the powers of the presidency. This period particularly saw the rise of corruption and bargains systems within the administrative structures.