Lesson Plan in English - 1429 Words

Lesson Plan in English I. Objectives: Through the song entitled â€Å"Perfect Two† by Auburn, the students will be able to recognize and identify the most common types of the figures of speech and its usage in forming a sentence. At the end of the lesson, the students’ should be able to: 1. Identify the different types of figures of speech. 2. Classify the different types of figures of speech. 3. Construct a sentence using different kinds of figures of speech. 4. Recall the 5 commonly used figures of speech through quiz. II. Subject Matter and Materials A. Topic: Figures of Speech (Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole amp; Irony) B. Year Level: 3rd Year High school C. Reference: Literature†¦show more content†¦A representative from your group will write your answers on the board. I will give you 5 minutes. V. Evaluation A. Quiz Write the letter of the correct figures of speech that is used in each of the following lines. ___1. Dissembling courtesy! How fine this tyrant can tickle where she wounds! – Shakespeare. a. Personification b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Hyperbole ___2. Rosy-fingered Dawn. – Homer a. Personification b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Hyperbole ___3. Night’s candle are burnt out and jocund day Stand tiptoe von the misty mountain tops.-Ramp;J a. Irony b. Hyperbole c. Simile d. Personification ___4. Errors, like straws, upon the surface flaw: he who would search for pearls must died below.-John Dryden a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Personification d. Irony __5. Faith is the antiseptic of the soul. – Whitman a. Hyperbole b. Metaphor c. Irony d. Simile ___6. A sucker is born every minute. –Barnhum a. Personification b. Irony c. Simile d. Hyperbole ___7. How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have thankless child. –Shakespeare a. Simile b. Metaphor c. Hyperbole d. Irony ___8. The pot call the kettleShow MoreRelatedEnglish Lesson Plan1450 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Adjectives to Grade VI pupils (through poem) A DETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH FOR GRADE VI PUPILS (FOR 4th GRADING PERIOD) By: ESMAELA DIANN B. MASCARDO I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, pupils will be able to: ïÆ'Ëœ Build vocabulary through pictures presented. ïÆ'Ëœ Practice proper way of reciting a poem. ïÆ'Ëœ Interpret meaning of a poem through pictures. ïÆ'Ëœ Identify adjectives used in the poem. ïÆ'Ëœ Use adjectives in describing their hometown. II. SUBJECT MATTER: Pointing out adjectivesRead MoreLesson Plan in English2923 Words   |  12 PagesA Lesson Plan in English I (First Year High School) Prepared by: Aileen Mae A. Alug I. 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Subject Matter Three Degree of Comparison of Adjectives Reference/s: Teacher AngelynRead MoreLesson Plan in English 3744 Words   |  3 PagesLesson Plan in English 3 Understanding by Design (UbD) | | |Teachers: |Boiser, Felyn Mae | | |Canlom, Joal Marie | | |Martinez, Honey Faye | |Read MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan In English1614 Words   |  7 PagesA Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Reading) I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the pupils are expected to: a. State the sequence of the story b. Identify the different seasons describe c. Appreciate the story read II. Subject Matter Topic: The Tiny Seed Reference: Reading Network, pages 103- 108 Author: Delia Hamoy Soroy Materials: Charts, pictures III. Procedure A. Preparation Teacher’s Activities Pupils’ Activities 1. Energizer I have here a song entitled â€Å" Minicar â€Å". I’ll singRead MoreEnglish Language Development Lesson Plan1494 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the English Language Development lesson plan (ELD), learning or developing English is the main objective, and it asserts that content can only be learned when one has developed their English language by use of rich content through grade-appropriate text. In addition, through this plan teachers usually teach the English language as a second language through a system that is differentiated according to English language development levels. In setting up a criteria for learning English as a secondRead MoreA Detailed Lesson Plan in English 41400 Words   |  6 PagesDETAILED LESSON PLAN IN ENGLISH IV I. Objectives 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph II. Subject Matter: 1. Use easily confused verbs ( Two – word Verbs) 2. Give a heading or title for texts read without title. 3. Writing a paragraph A. Materials: Visual Aids B. References: 1. BEC 2002 Handbook in English 2. Fun in English Reading 3. Fun in English language Read MoreComparing The Sheltered English Immersion Lessons Plan Vs. The Siop Lesson Plan785 Words   |  4 PagesWhen one is comparing the Sheltered English Immersion Lesson Plan vs. the SIOP Lesson Plan, it is clear that there are a few variances. I started my comparison between these two templates by reading a sample of a seventh grade English lesson that focused on figurative language such as similes and metaphors. I chose this particular lesson to begin because I am currently a seventh grade Language Arts teacher and one of the primary focuses this year was to further develop the students’ knowledge ofRead Morelesson plan in English of grade 74661 Words   |  19 PagesCLASSIFYING VERBS (transitive and Intransitive verbs) State whether it is ITRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE. _____________1.My friend hiked a mile. _____________2.She simply started down at her fingers. _____________3.My friend agreed with me about my plan on publishing a book. _____________4.The seminar participants stayed a week. _____________5.The woman burst with pride. _____________6.The boy walked to school on his own. _____________7.The cloth measures three yards. _____________8.TheRead MoreBeginner English Lesson Plan: First Day of Class1161 Words   |  5 PagesBeginner English Lesson Plan: First Day of Class Note to teachers: With beginners, mime and movement are essential. 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The Issue Of Gun Control - 872 Words

There should only be three guns per household First I think Molly Ivins is wrong when she say get rid of guns. What she don’t realize there will still be violence in the united states of America gun are not the problem the people that own the gun is the problem. Secondly some people buy guns to feel safe just think about a woman that has three kids and she lives on her on what should she go out and buy the protect her family and make sure that they are safe. Third people love gun because guns make people think twice about breaking into their house are bothering the person who own a gun. When she say get a knife, Get a Dog, But get rid of guns. Fourth at the same time she should do more research because dog kill people and knife kill people too, so I don’t get where she is trying to go with that. I just think gun are not the biggest issues, violence is the biggest issues because if you take gun always people will still find something to replace the gun. The Second Amen dment to the Constitution, which concerns the right to bear arms. I believe in the second amendment, but I think they should add information to the second amendment to aloud no more than three guns per household. That should be enough for one household to keep their family safe and out of harm s way. Most Americans may argue against the three guns per household some will say that they need more gun in their house.Many American love the second amendment because it gives them the right to buy as manyShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans belie ves it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Contro l929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) Free Essays

string(53) " depression and anger that was reported by patients\." Scenario A cancer which is present within families may be considered to be a stressful life event which may cause psychosocial morbidity and lead to other health risks. Frost et.al (2000) conducted a study into the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI) or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this study, they recruited 39 patients with and without a cancer diagnosis. These 78 patients were then asked to complete questionnaires. This was both before and after these patients completed tests in the cancer clinic. Before the risk evaluation included Spielberger’s Trait Anxiety Scale, the Medical Outcome Study Questionnaire, the Bipolar Profile of Mood States (POMS-BI), and an investigator-designed open-ended questions reviewed by a panel of experts. The results from these questionnaires demonstrated that the patients that were at risk of developing cancer had been identified as having an emotional breakdown when they had sought to deal with their circumstances (Frost et.al. 2013). Introduction The scenario, which is to be explored in this report, relates to the study by Frost et.al. (2000) which sought to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer. The questionnaires to test this included the Bipolar Profile of Mood States (POMS-BI). This sought to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2013). These two factors are often highly variable from individual to individual (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). This is because changes in their experiences and mood states may be affected by consuming different food or drink, all social interactions, any life events, which may occur in conjunction with the effects of any drugs or prescribed medications, which the patient may be taking (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985). The POMS-BI test was developed to assess all of the possible factors, which may influence an individual mood states negatively, or positivity (Lorr, 1984: Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). These mood states may range from an individual being extremely happy to depressed, agreeable to aggressive, anxious to cool, calm and collected, clear headed to confused, assertive to unconfident and lethargic to energetic (Lorr, 1984; Lorr, McNair Heuchert, 1984). It was believed that in clinical settings only the negative states, which have been described, were measured as individuals ignored any positive feelings. However, the PMOS-BI test allowed both positive and negative states to be measured and observed in a clinical setting. Suitability of the items The POMS-BI test is based on the principle that it can be used to identify both positive and negative moods states and feelings when it is used on psychiatric patients. This enables health professionals to identify the patient’s current clinical condition. Furthermore, it may be used to measure the effectiveness of treatments such as, various psychotropic drug treatments, which may be utilised for patients presenting with anxiety or depression disorders (Lorr, McNair Fisher, 1982). Each of these items, which the POMS-BI test is able to measure, can also be used to understand the effectiveness of other treatments such as, relaxation therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy. It may also be utilised to compare a variety of personality disorders (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992) which have been outlined in DSM III. The POMS-BI test has two sections, one, which focuses on how patients feel in their present state, and one, which determines how they have felt over the last week. The section which focuses on their present state of mind asks the patient to rate how they feel. They are given a number of options within the questionnaire and have to choose the most appropriate of these. The second part of the questionnaire asks them to rate when they have felt ‘much like this’, so it is less focused than the first part. However, again patients are asked to choose from a range of options. The options, which they choose, allow the clinician to sum the score from the scales and this then allows them to rate the patient’s positive or negative states. Lorr Wunderlich (1988) found in their study, that in order to measure positive effects from the questionnaire, the half scale score items needed to be twelve half scales for each. The identification of the positive effect is based on the sum total of the item scores on the six positive scales, whilst the negative effect is based on the sum of item scores on the six negative scales. Thus, from the above, for the suitability of answering POMS-BI, we can ascertain that this test is expedient for each patient to answer them and it does not take a long time. The questionnaire is easy to understand and individuals do not have to think through their answers, they just have to be aware of their current mood state or feeling to be able to undertake the POMS-BI questionnaire (Svrakic, Przybeck, Cloninger, 1992). This makes it suitable for a number of patients who may need to be assessed in a clinical setting. Reliability One example, which may be cited which demonstrates the reliability of the POMS-BI test was undertaken from a study where mood states were assessed using the POMS –BI (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). The responses from respondents were provided on a 5-point scale anchored by 0 = â€Å"not at all† and 4 = â€Å"extremely†. The study found that the internal consistency (alpha) coefficients for the POMS subscales ranged from .84 to .95 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). Furthermore, the Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .65 to .74 (McNair, Lorr Droppleman, 1971). This one study demonstrates that the POMS-BI test is highly reliable. Validity The POMS-BI tests validity has also been ascertained through a number of studies, which have been undertaken in psychotherapy, outpatient drug trials, emotion inducing studies and criterion studies. Each of these types of validity tests has proven the usefulness of POMS-BI. From the psychotherapy studies that have been undertaken to ascertain the validity of POMS-BI, Lorr et.al. (1961) found that over an eight-week period, whilst it was compared to other treatments that there was a significant improvement in the tension, depression and anger that was reported by patients. You read "Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI)" in category "Essay examples" In comparison to this, another study (Haskell, Pugatch McNair, 1969) that found that there was no significant changes in the same emotional states of tension and anger, only in depression, which Lorr et.al. (1961) had identified. In a study of POM-BI, with outpatient drug trials Lorr McNair (1966) successfully demonstrated that the prescribed medication had reduced the levels of tension in the control group. However, this also demonstrated that the prescribed drugs did not reduce the patient’s vigour. Further, to this studies, which have examined the effectiveness of POMS-BI to measure emotionally induced states. In one study conducted by Startup Davey (2001), scholars found that there was a direct link between a patient’s mood state and the level of worry that they experienced. Further to this, in another study conducted by Doyle and Parfitt (1999) a direct correlation was measured between induced mood states and the perceived need profile of patients. Both of these studies, show that PMOS-BI may be used to measure emotionally induced states effectively. In the criterion studies, Parloff, Kelman, Frank, J. D. (1954) surmised that the patients that were tested by using POMS and the Hopkin Symptom Distress Scale, both attained the same outcome scores in relation to the levels of tension, depression or fatigue that they were feeling. This demonstrates the validity of POMS. Normative Data or Norms When each of these studies has been undertaken, utilising the POMS-BI scholars has been able to establish normative data or norms. For example, in one study, was conducted to understand the influence of a weight lifting programme that lasted for ten weeks. The patient group comprised of 32 adults who were aged between 60-84. The data indicated that ‘before the intervention, the depressed participants in both groups reported less frequent energy feelings compared with age norms (i.e., the mean SD for the relevant norms is 59.9, 22.1, and these data stem from a sample of 442 U.S. men and women between the ages of 65 and 74 yr).. After the 10-wk intervention, those who exercised reported a large increase in the frequency of energy feeling of 1.3 standard deviations’ (Rayman et.al. 2006: 148). This shows that by using the POMS-BI scholars are able to understand norms and normative data by which they may measure the outcomes of their studies and compare them to others. Practical Considerations The practical considerations which need to be considered when planning to utilise the POMS-BI are small, as the questionnaire does not take long for patients to fill in (no more than ten minutes on average). The materials needed for them to do this are the questionnaire which is usually printed on paper and a pencil so that they can choose the response that is most relevant to them. The POMS-BI score is easily calculated by clinicians using negative and positive mood state indicators. They do not even need to have scoring templates as the scores can be easily placed into a scoring page so that they can assess the patient’s current mood state. In addition, to each of these factors the questionnaire is easy to understand, so patients and clinicians should not need to spend too much time discussing what each of them need to do. This adds to the amount of therapy time which the patient may have. The only other consideration is if the patient’s first language is not En glish, under the circumstances it may be necessary to take some time to explain the questionnaire to them to ensure that they fill it in correctly. However, you may also be able to get POMS_BI forms in other languages upon request. The only other consideration is that this type of form should only be used by qualified clinicians who are fully competent and understand the outputs from the questionnaire fully. Conclusion This report has assessed many of the different aspects of using POMS-BI to assess patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings. From each of the sections above, it may be understood that the use of this questionnaire is easy, not time consuming and simple. From this perspective, one may say that using the POMS-BI questionnaire to measure the patient’s positive and negative mood states or feelings is practical. In addition to this, a number of clinicians and scholars have used this toll successfully over the last few decades to assess patient’s moods, and today there are many citations in the literature that may be used to attain this methods validity and reliability. This method has also been used in a wide variety of organisations from schools, universities to working environments or clinical settings. Therefore, the questionnaire may be widely used in a variety of settings to measure patients positive and negative mood states or feelings. All o f this evidence attests to why it was a useful tool which could be utilised to understand the psychosocial morbidity and health concerns accompanying individuals’ perceived increased risk of cancer (Frost et.al. 2000). As Frost et.al. (2000) could use the questionnaire to understand how each individual’s experience and their mood states changed on a daily basis (Frost et.al. 2000) in relation to their experiences, the food or drink that they consumed, their social interactions or any life events which may have occurred during this time (Loke, Hinrichs Ghoneim, 1985). Thus, the test was ideal for this scenario and it should be utilised by clinicians in the future, as individuals that are at risk of developing cancer due to their circumstances may also be at a higher risk of suffering from depression, anxiety or other psychological disorders. This test could help to diagnose their symptoms early and this could ensure that they received the appropriate treatment soone r rather than later References DOYLE, J., PARFITT, G. (1999). The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need. Journal of sports sciences, 17(2), 115-127. Frost, M. H., Vockley, C. W., Suman, V. J., Greene, M. H., Zahasky, K., Hartmann, L. (2000). Perceived familial risk of cancer: Health concerns and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 18(1), 63-82. Haskell, D., Pugatch, D., McNair, D. M. (1969). Time-limited psychotherapy for whom. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21(5), 546. Loke, W. H., Hinrichs, J. V., Ghoneim, M. M. (1985). Caffeine and diazepam: separate and combined effects on mood, memory, and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology, 87(3), 344-350. Lorr, M. (1984). Profile of Mood States: bi-polar form (POMS-BI): manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Lorr, M., McNAIR, D. M., Weinstein, G. J., Michaux, W. W., Raskin, A. (1961). Meprobamate and chlorpromazine in psychotherapy: Some effects on anxiety and hostility of outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(4), 381. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M. (1966). Methods relating to evaluation of therapeutic outcome. In Methods of research in psychotherapy (pp. 573-594). Springer US. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of personality assessment, 46(4), 432-436. Lorr, M., McNair, D. M., Heuchert, J. W. (1984). Profile of moods states. Bi-polar Form (POMS-BI). San Diego, CA: Educational and Industry Testing Service (EDITS). Lorr, M., Wunderlich, R. A. (1988). A semantic differential mood scale. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(1), 33-36. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Parloff, M. B., Kelman, H. C., Frank, J. D. (1954). Comfort, effectiveness, and self-awareness as criteria of improvement in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 343–351 Rayman, M., Thompson, A., Warren-Perry, M., Galassini, R., Catterick, J., Hall, E., Bliss, J. (2006). Impact of selenium on mood and quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. Biological psychiatry, 59(2), 147-154. Startup, H. M., Davey, G. C. (2001). Mood as input and catatrophic worrying. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(1), 83. Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., Cloninger, C. R. (1992). Mood states and personality traits. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24(4), 217-226. How to cite Test Evaluation of the bipolar form of the Mood States (POMS-BI), Essay examples

Irony Salem Witch Trials free essay sample

The first began back in the 1600s in a little town known as Salem Massachusetts, where people were killed for crimes of witchcraft. The second instance, while not quite as known for bestowing rigor mortis still put ruin on the lives of many. Trials in the 1950s fueled by McCarthyism and the idea that communism was invading the United States led to the blacklisting of many people as supposed socialists. Arthur Miller saw the real story of the trials for supposed unamericans during his time and he set about making it known to the public. However, had miller outright stated his views he would have found himself in the same position as those whos stories he tried to tell. Therefore he devised a creative solution; he wrote a story based on events in the Salem witch trials that is nearly perfectly symbolic of the McCarthyism trials. Millers extensive [use of] irony in the crucible reveals the actual motives behind events carried out during the Salem witch trials, and thereby he exposes the dark truth of what happened during 1950s McCarthyism trials on Unamerican activities. Even in the very beginning Miller wastes no time in describing the abject of his play. Some circumstances surrounding the ritual committed by the girls are near perfect representations of dramatic irony, that bring to light innocent people accused during both sets of trials. Most obvious concerns the girls lies about the nature of their time spent together it the woods. Readers will undoubtedly conclude that they were in fact practicing witchcraft of their own accord when the Reverend Parris found them, as Mary warren exclaims once the adults have departed, â€Å"its a sin to conjure, and we. (20) However, when confronted as to the purpose of their presence in the woods, Abagail and her friends falsely claim they only were in the process of innocent dancing. As they blame all their satanic actions on the slave girl Tituba, the dramatic irony of the situation becomes apparent. They are undoubtedly responsible for crimes of witchcraft, but no other characters in the story are aware of that fact and are willing to put all the blame on the next person in line. Through this irony Miller shows the attitude of these girls in the Salem witch trials; that they in fact lie to save themselves from the conviction of witchcraft, even though they end up putting their blame on a guiltless party. And yet a similar irony reveals itself in the subsequent dialogue of Tituba. She forced nothing whatsoever upon the girls, for at one point her claim reveals that â€Å"she [meaning Abagail] beg me to conjure! (44) Yet when this slave girl is grilled by the Reverend Hale and other men she admits to their accusations and forces herself to start calling out the names of people who also were supposedly affiliated with the devil. Dramatic irony oozes from her confession. Readers can infer that she lies by admitting to her meeting with the devil, but only in an effort to prevent her death. Although the other characters in the story only know to believe the lie she was forced to tell, and take it that all the individuals on her list are unquestionably guilty. Thus, through this dramatic irony Miller shows that the true motive of Tituba, like Abagail and the other girls, reflects her escape from the punishment associated with telling the truth. Miller included these ironies to explain how the names of devil worshipers called out were done out of fear, and were in actuality not true by any stretch of the imagination. Nonetheless, this event to strikes a comparison to the 1950s. Many of the accused communists were promised significantly lower charges should they reveal the names of others who allied with them in socialist shenanigans. ar 43) Through his dramatic Irony Miller remarks that in the McCarthyism trials when faced with the choice of punishment versus placing part of the blame on others, people responded in the same fashion as 300 years previous. He exposes to his readers to the idea that many of the convicted Reds were not guilty of anything, and that the dark and terrible situations where the Government sentenced people on the fal se accusations of others actually occurred. Other peculiar instances of dramatic irony reveal self centered claims made during the trials. Particularly this becomes known when Abagail and the other girls serve as God sent judges of satanic acts. As the story progresses Abagails true desire for Elizabeth Proctors husband becomes apparent. In Act 2 Scene 2, which was removed after the original production, she explains to John, â€Å"i will make you such a wife when the world is white again! † (150) Her lust for him is matched only by her determination to continue her facade of holiness. This explains the true purpose behind the conviction she made upon Elizabeth Proctor. She wanted to eliminate Johns wife in order to take him for herself. Still, Abagails action conveys a significantly different meaning for residents of Salem. They still only think she intends to identify potential devil worshipers in their midst. Readers can understand irony lies in the fact that most citizens have no knowledge of Abagails attempt to take John. Miller reveals that her true intentions are to misuse the power she has been given to separate a man she wants from his legitimate wife. Dramatic Irony also surrounds the willingness of the people to readily accept decisions made by the girls. In the introduction Miller is careful to explain the ideal conditions that exacerbated the witch hunts. Among them is the fact that a â€Å"long-held hatred of neighbors could now be openly expressed. Land-lust could now be elevated to the arena of morality. † (7) He means to say that regardless of the peoples true opinion, more often than not old grudges factored into their reaction about the trials. This is further proven as Giles Coreys deposition â€Å"states that you, [Mr. Putnam], coldly prompted your daughter to cry witchery† so that he could â€Å"kill his neighbors for their land. † (96) Irony exists in that while it may seem the characters only wish to purify their village, they in fact take advantage of the trials in an attempt to eliminate their enemies. And through this Irony Miller shows that real reason as to why the witch trials are so easily accepted by the people of Salem. As with Abagial Williams they see it as a chance to carry out their own selfish desires, be they for land or otherwise. Moreover The crucible yet again draws an important parallel to the 1950s. Namely â€Å"it was not unheard that Americans would take their own political and economic disputes to the courts. A case about communism almost never sided with the defendant. † (jr 53) Miller attempts to show that the McCarthyism trials had their fair share of people involved only for personal gain. This fact hits very hard with the public â€Å"for power lies in the hands of the people and if they are corrupt there may be no hope for democracy itself. (89) Miller shows this tragedy in the Salem witch trials to expose the potentiality of greedy and narcissistic claims made in the 1950s. There exists no doubt that some of the accusations were untrue and forged under selfish notions in both time periods, and a result that the Government unfortunately punished people unfairly. While Miller should be called nothing less than a master of dramatic irony, he manages to use situational irony in the Crucible a s well. Specifically to show how impossible it was to even defend the victims in the two sets of trials. One such case involves the event whereby John Proctor hands Danforth â€Å"a sort of testament† in which â€Å"the people signing it declare their good opinion of Rebbecca, ump; my wife [Elizabeth Proctor], and Martha Corey. † (93) The expectation seems that the governor would take the names and consider it a possible justification for the release or at least the reconsidering of the three well respected women. However Governor Danforths legitimate response to arrest all names who signed the list, appears quite interesting. It feels undoubtedly ironic because it does the complete opposite of the expected action associated with such a letter. However this whole act reveals the truth that John only sought to free his wife from her physical chains but he is painfully unsuccessful. â€Å"Moreover, he is completely rejected and ends up causing more harm than good† (bb 5) The rest of signers to his petition may see him as traitor after their arrest, but he never expected the situation to turn against him as it did. Perhaps the most apparent occurrence of this type of situational irony lies within in the part of Act III when Elizabeth Proctor, upon being asked about her husbands adultery, simply says â€Å"my husbandis a goodly man, sir. † (113) Her and Johns purposes were only in the best interest of each other, but the overall outcome was drastically different. John thought that his wife who always tells the truth would admit knowledge of his lechery, and as a result Abagails persecution of his wife would stop. Elizabeth on the other hand misunderstood the nature of the question, and thought by lying she would protect her husband from the gallows. Both cases lead to the irony, because husband and wife expected to save each other and yet in effect ended up only worsening the situation. However this tragic example of irony does reveal the true intentions of John and Elizabeth proctor, that they only wanted to do what was best for each other and would go to great lengths to accomplish that. The reality of the Salem trials is that people had honorable motives which ultimately were turned against them. Miller is drawing yet another parallel to McCarthyism. He wants his readers to think about how exactly so many socialists were blacklisted or otherwise hurt. Even those who defended them had their words twisted and ideas flipped to the point that they only accomplished the exact opposite of what they intended. (PR 4) The Crucible shows why individuals only hesitantly make claims in favor of the accused, for those that do only end up causing more harm in the end. On that note another classification of situational irony in the crucible exposes corruption in the very law system itself. Abagail and the girls are the source from which all alleged convictions of witchcraft and satanic acts are gathered, and â€Å"the children certainly do testify. † (100) Yet as Hale states while pointing at Abagail â€Å"this Girl has always struck me false. † (114) The people of the town have let themselves get carried away on the rantings of a bunch of teenage girls who claim to see spirits flying around, and theyve let the situation escalate to the point where there is no logic to anything. (RP 32) The irony is that the court system which is supposed to reveal the truth is acting under the guidance of a group of liars. Miller reveals that the actual reasoning behind the courts decisions has no basis in any legal practice whatsoever. On top of that the court officials almost seem as if they want to convict people. Danforth almost proudly exclaims, â€Å"and do you know near to four-hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn, and upon my signature? † (87) He would rather people not confess to satanic actions and make an example of them for the future. The irony here seems blatantly obvious, because a law system exists to protect the people from wrongdoing. It is better to let the guilty go free than to convict the innocent. † (Mr. Mac) In this case, the law keepers have seemingly forgotten their purpose, and instead of trying to rid the world of witchcraft, their true movies are instead based around trying to attain as many convictions as possible. A third instance of situational irony that exposes flaws in the court goes back to the confession of John proctor. He finally admits to his sin after months of concealing it and then Danforth and the court bluntly say to him â€Å"she spoke nothing of lechery, and this man has lied. † (113? This shows that when an actual bit of truth is presented to the lawmen, they reject it and again side with the liars. The situational irony lies in the fact that when Proctor confesses his sin, the court rejects his confession altogether on only the evidence of his wifes claim. These three examples of irony are perhaps the most important of all in relation to McCarthyism. They reveal that the court itself may represent unfairness in its proceedings. (jr 23? ) Miller urges his readers to believe that the judges not only believed liars and rejected the truth, but also that they pushed for the convictions rather than a fair trial.